Everything that exists in our universe and occupies space and mass called MATTER. It makes up see everything from air to water, water to ice, rocks to mountains and even ourselves.
- Mass : The amount of substances/matter present in an object is called Mass.
- Volume : The space occupied by that object is called Volume.
- Density : How compact a material is. Mathematically, density is the ratio of Mass and Volume.
DENSITY = MASS / VOLUME
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| Matter and It's State |
States Of Matter
There are unlimited and uncounted matters known and all of them can be divided as Solids, Liquids, and Gases. A plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal number of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.
Solid State
- Solid State of an object has fixed shape, size and volume.
- Solid has the ability to maintain its shape when external force is applied on it.
- It has the property of negligible compressibility.
- It does not change its shape after external force applied.
- Its' size increases by increasing in temperature and decreases by decreasing temperature.
- Inter-molecular force between every molecules in the solid state is very high because molecules in the solid state are very close to each-other. Mathematically- (F=Gm1m2/r2)
- Density of solid is higher then liquid and gas.
Liquid State
- Liquid State does not have fixed shape as solid but has fixed volume at a particular temperature.
- Liquid takes the shape in which it will be kept.
- The attraction force between molecules is lower than solid and higher than gas.
- Density of liquid is lower than solid and higher than gas.
- Liquid's volume is also affected by the change in temperature like solid.
Water
The graph between temperature and volume shows that as we increase temperature, volume decreases and volume decreases up to 4 degree Celsius and then volume increases as we increase temperature.
As temperature increases, density also increases and it increase up to 4 degree Celsius and then density increases as temperature increase.
Note:- Water has maximum density at 4 Degree Celsius that's 1000 kg/m3
Gaseous State
- At a given temperature, gas has neither fix volume nor fix shape.
- It has high compressibility property.
- It has higher space between molecules compare to solid and liquid.
- Inter-molecular force of attraction is lesser than solid and liquid.
Plasma
Ionized form of gas is called Plasma. Positively charged ions have almost equal in number of negatively charged electron.
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
This is the fifth state of matter. Satyendra Nath Bose proposed calculations of this 5th state of matter and further Albert Einstein predicted this state.
BEC ( Bose-Einstein Condensate ) is very low temperature near absolute zero ( 0 Kelvin / -273.15 degree Celsius - Quantum Critical Point ).
Temperature at Absolute Scale
- 0 Degree Celsius ( Freezing Point ) = 273.15 Kelvin
- 25 Degree Celsius ( Room Temperature ) = 298.15 Kelvin
- 100 Degree Celsius ( Boiling Point Of Water ) = 373.15 Kelvin
- 233.15 Kelvin = - 40 Degree Celsius = - 40 Fahrenheit
- C/5 = (F - 32)/9 = R/4 = (K - 273)/5
Conclusion
Matter is the fundamental component of the universe, existing in various states based on its physical and chemical properties. The states of matter include solids, liquids, gases, plasma, and Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).
We have discussed about temperature at different - different state and how can we change it from Degree Celsius to Kelvin and to Fahrenheit.
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