Human Blood | Its Compositions and Functions.

Blood is an important part of human body. It is a connective tissue because it connects all parts of the body. Tissue is a combination of  cells. Blood supplies oxygen to all parts of the body and oxidation of glucose (smallest unit of carbohydrates) happens and result of this process to produces energy and carbon di-oxide. Carbon di-oxide transfers out of our body by lungs. 

Composition of human blood

COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

Blood has two compositions; Solid part and Liquid part. Solid part is called Cells / Corpuscles that is 45% of the blood composition and Liquid part is called Plasma that is 55% of the blood composition. 

Solid part (Corpuscles) has RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles), WBC (White Blood Corpuscles) and Platelets. Color of the solid part is red because RBC has 41% contribution out of 45%; WBC and Platelets have 4% of combined contribution. Size of WBC is greater than RBC and size of RBC is greater than Platelets. (WBC > RBC > PLATELETS).

 Liquid part (Plasma) is combination of water (90%), protein (7%), minerals (2.9%) and glucose (0.1%). Plasma has 55% of the blood composition. Plasma is in liquid form because 90% water present in it. It has yellow color due bilirubin pigment present in liver.

Plasma has 7% of protein and different type of protein found in plasma; Fibrinogen, Albumin, Globulin and Prothrombin. Fibrinogen has in large quantity. These proteins helps in blood clotting outside the body.

NOTE:- There is an Anti-clotting agent "HEPARIN" which helps in "Not Clotting Of Blood" inside our body. Heparin is made by liver.

CORPUSCLES

Corpuscles / cells in blood are of three types; RBC, WBC, Platelets. 

RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES (RBC)

RBC is also know as ERYTHOCYTES. There is 4.5-5.5 million RBC found in 0.001 ml of blood. In male, there is 5-5.5 millions RBC and in female, there is 4.5-5 millions RBC in 0.001 ml of blood. Total number of RBCs in blood are 25-30 trillion. Red color of RBC is due to Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein which is made up of iron. Study of blood is called Hematology. 

Red Blood Cell and Its Working

Function Of Hemoglobin

When we breathe in, air (oxygen, carbon di-oxide, nitrogen etc.) come inside our body and finally in our lungs. There is alveoli in our lungs. Alveoli exchanges oxygen and carbon di-oxide between blood and air. As we know, Hemoglobin present in our blood and blood circulates in our whole body. Now, oxygen is diffused into hemoglobin and oxygen circulates in our whole body along with blood. Now, for doing some work and other activity, we need energy then energy is generated by oxidation of glucose and carbon di-oxide is also released by the oxidation process. Carbon di-oxide is transferred out by blood to lungs and then breathe outside our body.

Hemoglobin is connected with 4 molecules of oxygen and 8 atoms of oxygen. (Hb + 4O_{2 =HbO8). Hemoglobin is highly reacted with Carbon-mono-oxide. (CO>}O_2>CO_2>SO_2). 

There is two types of Iron present in Hemoglobin. 1) Ferric means Fe3+ and 2) Ferrous means Fe2+. When quantity of carbon di-oxide is increased in our blood, pH value of blood decrease and blood become acid nature and we get feel weak.

Some Facts About RBC

1. The shape of RBC is Biconcave.
2. RBC does not have a center because of which it is called Corpuscles. Sometimes RBC behave like a dead.
3. There is exception of RBC nucleus - Camel and lama.
4. RBC does not participate in respiration because it does not have mitochondria.
5. The lifetime of RBC is 20 to 120 days.
6. RBC originates from Red Bone Marrow. Red Bone Marrow is found only in backbone (spinal cord) and Femur (thigh bone).
7. In Embryonic stage  - fetus or ( 8 weeks ) RBC produced by liver.
8. The graveyard (कब्रिस्तान) of RBC is Spleen. It is located behind our abdomen. It is a organ and it is also known as "Blood Bank Of Body".

WHITE BLOOD CORPUSCLES (WBC)

WBC is also know as LEUCOCYTES. There is 4000-11000 WBC present in 0.001 ml of blood. There is equal numbers of WBC in male and female. It provide immunity to our body. 

White Blood Cell and It's type

Some Facts About WBC

1. The nucleus is found in White Blood Corpuscles.
2. WBC originates from Bone Marrow.
3. The graveyard of WBC is in Liver.
4. Shape of WBC is not fixed or it does not have regular shape or just like Amoeba.

Type of WBC (White Blood Corpuscles)

WBC is of five types; 1. Monocyte, 2. Lymphocytes, 3. Eosinophil, 4. Basophil, 5. Neutrophil

1. Monocyte :-It is the largest WBC and the largest blood cell.
2.  Lymphocytes is the smallest WBC. and Platelets is smallest blood cell.
3. Monocyte and Lymphocyte are called Agranulocytes because both have one nucleus only.
4. Eosinophil, Basophil and Neutrophil are called Granulocyte because they have more then one nucleus.
5.  Neutrophil have the largest number (60% -70%) and Basophil have smallest number (0.5% - 2%).

Function Of Eosinophil and Basophil

Eosinophil and Basophil provide immunity from non-living things. If any non-living things (Dust) enter in our body, Basophil recognize it and release a chemical named Histamine then Eosinophil activates and swallow (Sneeze) that things and provide safety to our body. 

Function of Neutrophil

Neutrophil provides immunity from living things. Firstly, as a living organism enters into our body, Neutrophil attracts it and in the 2nd stage, Neutrophil eats that organism and that's why it is called Cell Eater and this process is known as Phagocytosis. And when Neutrophil sucks organism cell fluid, then it is called Cell - Drinker and this process is known as Pinocytosis.

Antigen and Antibody

Whenever a harmful or foreign particle enters into our body, this particle is known as Antigen and to fight with this harmful particle, our body release a protein, this protein is known as Antibody.

Function of Monocyte and Lymphocyte

Whenever a virus or harmful particle (Antigen) enters in our body, Monocyte identifies that virus and a chemical releases, this chemical named Cytokine and through this cytokine, a message drop to the Lymphocyte and Lymphocyte produces Antibody to that harmful particle or virus and released freely into Plasma (Liquid part of blood) by Lymphocyte , and wherever that harmful particle is found, killed by this Antibody and we get Immunity. Along with that, a Memory Cell develops and this Memory Cell helps in providing immunity to the same harmful particle which attacks on our body before.

PLATELETS 

Platelets is also known as THROMBOCYTES. There is 1.5-4.5 lakh of Platelets present in 0.001 ml of blood. 

Platelets and it's working

1. Shape of the Platelets are irregular just like Amoeba.
2. Platelets are smallest blood cell.
3. It helps in blood clotting.
4. There is no nucleus, it is called Corpuscles.
5. It originates from Bone Marrow.
6. The graveyard of the Platelets is Spleen.
7. Total lifespan of platelets is one week.

Blood Clotting

When we get hurt on our body, salt (Calcium) and thromboplastin release from damage cells then following reaction takes place during blood clotting-

• Thromboplastin + Prothrombin + Calcium = Thrombin
• Thrombin deactivates Heparin (which helps in not to coagulate blood inside our body)
• Thrombin + Fibrinogen = Fibrin (रेशा)
• Fibrin helps to connect platelets with each other and helps in blood clotting.
• Vitamin K helps in blood clotting.
• In blood bank, blood is not clotted because there is a agent mix with the blood; Sodium Oxalate or Sodium Citrate.

Blood Group

The Blood Group is discovered by Carl Landsteiner in 1901 and in 1930, he has awarded by Nobel Prize. He has discovered Blood Group A, B, AB and O.

Blood group is decided on the basis of Antigen. There are some protein on the surface of RBC, these proteins are called Antigen.

BLOOD GROUP	ANTIGEN	ANTIBODY	DONOR	ACCEPTER
A	A-Type	B-Type	A-Type & AB-Type	A-Type
B	B-Type	A-Type	B-Type & AB-Type	A-Type
AB	AB-Type	NO Antibody	AB-Type	A-Type, B-Type, AB-Type & O-Type
O	NO Antigen	AB-Type	A-Type, B-Type, AB-Type & O-Type	O-Type

 

Blood group O is Universal Donor and Blood Group AB is Universal Accepter.

• There is Weiner named scientist who discovered a different type of Antigen (Antigen-D) in a Rhesus named monkey. And this Antigen-D called RH-Factor. 
• Positive and Negative blood group is decided by the presence and absence of this RH-Factor respectively.

  ANTIGEN	BLOOD GROUP
  A-Type & D-Type	A+
  A-Type	A-
  B-Type & D-Type	B+
  B-Type	B-
  AB-Type & D-Type	AB+
  AB-Type	AB-
  O-Type & D-Type	O+
  O-Type	O-

   

CONCLUSION

Blood is a vital component of the human body, serving as a connective tissue that plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, energy production, and immune response. Composed of both solid (cells/corpuscles) and liquid (plasma) parts, blood contains red blood cells (RBCs) that carry oxygen, white blood cells (WBCs) that defend against infections, and platelets that aid in clotting. Plasma, rich in water, proteins, and nutrients, supports various bodily functions, including blood clotting and nutrient transport. The balance of these elements ensures the body's proper functioning, including oxygenation, immune defense, and healing processes. Blood groups, determined by antigens on RBCs, and the presence of the RH factor, further influence blood compatibility and transfusions.